Immersion Education is a form of bilingual education in which the majority of curricular learning and teaching activities are conducted in the target language (often a heritage or indigenous language). Pupils also study the majority language, but the extent to which the majority language is incorporated is different according to each context.
- Immersion education is the most successful approach to school-based language learning. Immersion education which starts at an early stage (Nursery/Primary 1), and which uses the target language for the majority of curricular activities, is associated with linguistic and cognitive skill development.
- In the Scottish context, research on Gaelic-medium education has shown pupils to achieve expected levels of attainment in Gaelic, English Mathematics and Science by the end of Primary School, and to outperform English-medium pupils in English reading. Research has also shown pupils in Gaelic-medium education to outperform English-medium pupils on cognitive tests relating to cognitive control and metalinguistic awareness.
- However, research with French-immersion pupils in Canada has found areas for improvement in relation to pupils’ grammatical accuracy, range of vocabulary and the use of complex structures and idiom in French. A range of pedagogical strategies which encourage a more intentional focus on language in immersion education have been suggested, such as form-focused instruction, corrective feedback, and cross-linguistic pedagogy.
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